Technological Entrepreneurship and Startup Ecosystems

Abstract

This study analyzes the structural and enabling factors that support technological entrepreneurship within urban ecosystems, focusing on Latin American cities. Employing a mixed-methods qualitative design, the research integrates a systematic literature review using thematic mapping with a comparative case analysis of three urban contexts: Medellín (Colombia), Santiago de Chile (Chile), and Mexico City (Mexico). Four key enabling dimensions were identified: technological infrastructure, digital talent development, collaborative governance networks, and targeted public policies. Findings reveal that the isolated presence of these factors is insufficient; rather, their systemic articulation is critical for ecosystem consolidation. Medellín stands out for its tripartite governance model and territorial innovation strategy, while Santiago demonstrates progress through public-private funding mechanisms and skill-building initiatives. In contrast, Mexico City exhibits structural fragmentation despite its potential. The study concludes that urban ecosystems for technological entrepreneurship require adaptive institutional frameworks, collaborative governance structures, and outcome-oriented policy instruments to scale impact and ensure long-term sustainability.